While China saw Southeast Asia as a tributary state, ideas and institutions spread from India and gave rise to kingdoms known as Mandala-states, which were built around a charismatic leader and his grand city. His power radiated in concentric rings. He was identified initially with Hindu gods like Shiva and Vishnu and later Buddha. This was seen in the Champa kingdoms of Vietnam, the Khmer kingdoms of Cambodia, and in Srivijaya kingdoms of Indonesia. Thailand and Burma were relatively more Buddhist, but everyone seemed to have been fascinated by the story of the ideal king Ram.

Memory of the maritime connection manifests as the festival known as Bali-Jatra or voyage to Bali in Odisha. A major component of this is the boat festival (Boita Bandana), when boat-shaped effigies are placed on water bodies. This is remarkably similar to the Masakapan Ke Tukad festival of Bali and to the Loi Krathong festival of Thailand, where also model boats are ritually set afloat.

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The oldest material evidence comes from Vietnam where there are ruins of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva temples. In Cambodia, we have images of Shiva-linga, four-armed Vishnu and then four-armed images of HariHara, indicating a merger of Shiva kings who conquered lands where Vishnu was first revered and vice versa. These images are older than the Angkor Wat complex. In Java, we have the great Hindu trinity temple at Prambanan, dated to the 9th century. Here, there are panels showing scenes from the Ramayana and panels showing Krishna and Balarama fighting demons and monsters. 

At Angkor Wat, Cambodia, in the 12th century, there are huge panels showing the war of Ram and Ravana, Pandavas and Kauravas, Krishna and Bana, Devas and Asuras. A popular motif is of amruta-manthan. And even more popular is the image of Garuda fighting the Nagas. There are images of Durga and Lakshmi, but the mood is more military (vira) rather than romantic (shringar). The only suggestion of erotic is the profusion of apsara images. 

This influence of India in Southeast Asia stopped as soon as Indians started to believe that travelling over the sea leads to loss of caste. So Indian merchants outsourced all sea-trade to Arabs, and India became a distant memory in those faraway lands.

Devdutt Pattanaik writes and lectures on the relevance of mythology in modern times. Reach him at devdutt.pattanaik@mid-day.com