The patients, who stopped responding to lapatinib, were not assured treatment once the trial was over.

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According to the study, a copy of which is with the MiD DAY, despite repeated requests, GSK refused to give information on the trial sites or the text of the informed consent forms.

AstraZeneca

The study also analyses drug firm AstraZeneca's clinical trial of quetiapine for treating Schizophrenia. Patients in the trial of quetiapine for acute schizophrenia "were harmed" when they were taken off all treatment before being put on either the active drug or a placebo.

Placebo is a method in clinical trials whereby a group of patients will be given a dummy or inert substance to help compare effects with the other group whom the tested drug is given.

It points out that a patient in the trial committed suicide after 173 days of being on placebo. The study says the "investigators didn't explain how they concluded that the suicide was unrelated to the treatment."

Johnson&Johnson

Johnson&Johnson conducted a placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for acute mania in seven sites in India. The study said that patients in this trial were suffering from an acute attack of a psychiatric condition that would have caused them much distress.

"They were harmed because they were taken off all treatment before they were put on either the active drug or a placebo. Those on the placebo were also harmed because they were deprived of an effective treatment," says the study.

Exploitation

These trials violated the World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.

Dr Sandhya Srinivasan, who conducted the investigation, told MiDDAY: "MNC firms are exploiting a number of weaknesses in India such as the fact that many Indians are economically weak and cannot afford decent healthcare and may view trial participation as a way of getting some treatment. Quality of consent is questionable because of this and other vulnerabilities such as low literacy, unequal doctor-patient relationships, etc."

According to her, the Indian regulatory structure doesn't ensure proper ethics review and monitoring of trials.

"Few ethics committees are properly trained, many don't meet the requirements for such committees, they may be overworked, etc. There's no regulatory structure to directly supervise trials and ensure that true informed consent is obtained, that patients are not harmed, and that other requirements are followed. So we should be very concerned by the moves to encourage India as a site for clinical trials," she added.u00a0